monopoly company

марк., ек. n монополія; монополістична компанія; монополістичне об'єднання; a монопольний; монополістичний

структура ринку (market¹), за якої виключне право на виробництво чи реалізацію певного виду товару, послуг належить одній особі, групі осіб, підприємству, галузі або державі, а конкуренція (competition) обмежена або взагалі відсутня; ♦ в умовах монополії підвищуються ціни (price), бо немає тиску конкуренції

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absolute monopoly абсолютна монополія • необмежена монополія; allround monopoly всеосяжна монополія; bilateral monopoly двостороння монополія; business monopoly підприємницька монополія; buyer's monopoly монополія покупця; closed monopoly закрита монополія; commercial monopoly торговельна монополія; complete monopoly повна монополія; consolidated monopoly групова монополія; discriminating monopoly монополістична компанія, яка збуває одні й ті самі товари за різними цінами; export monopoly експортна монополія • монополія на експорт; financial monopoly фінансова монополія; foreign trade monopoly монополія зовнішньої торгівлі; government monopoly державна монополія; group monopoly групова монополія; import monopoly імпортна монополія • монополія на імпорт; industrial monopoly промислова монополія; international monopoly міжнародна монополія; land monopoly монополія на землю; legal monopoly монополія, встановлена законом; multinational monopoly багатонаціональна монополія; natural monopoly природна монополія; open monopoly відкрита монополія; partial monopoly часткова монополія; patent monopoly патентна монополія; perfect monopoly досконала монополія; public monopoly державна монополія; pure monopoly чиста монополія; regulated monopoly регульована монополія; sales monopoly монополія на збут; seller's monopoly монополія продавця; shared monopoly групова монополія; simple monopoly проста монополія; state monopoly державна монополія; static monopoly статична монополія; temporary monopoly тимчасова монополія; trade monopoly торговельна монополія; virtual monopoly фактична монополія • віртуальна монополія

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antimonopoly laws антимонопольне законодавство; monopoly company підприємство-монополія; monopoly firm фірма-монополія; monopoly laws закони про монополію; monopoly of location монополія місцезнаходження; monopoly of scale монополія, яка виникає завдяки масштабу виробництва; monopoly policy політика щодо монополій; monopoly power монопольна влада на ринку • монопольна влада над ринком • монопольна ринкова влада; monopoly price монопольна ціна; monopoly profit монопольний прибуток; monopoly tax податок на монополію; to grant a monopoly надавати/надати монополію; to have a monopoly of мати монополію на що-небудь; to have a monopoly on мати монополію на що-небудь; to hold a monopoly володіти монополією

monopoly ‡ market situations (389)

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монополія < давньогр. monopolion — право монопольного продажу < monos — один і pōleō — продаю; запозичення через посередництво польс. monopol < нім. Monopol < лат. monopōlium; звідси зах. укр. форма монополь; стара укр. форма монополия закріпилася в ужитку з 1588 р. (ЕСУМ 3: 508; ЕС-СУМ З: 106)

пор. cartel; oligopoly

a market in which there is only one producer or one seller. A company establishes a monopoly by entering a new market or eliminating all competitors from an existing market. A company that holds a monopoly has control of a market and the ability to fix prices. For this reason, governments usually try to avoid monopoly situations. Some monopolies, however, such as government-owned utilities, are seen as beneficial to consumers.

a company able to charge different prices for its output in different markets because it has power to influence prices for its goods

Monopolunternehmen n monopoly undertaking; monopoly company

f ÖKON monopoly company

relating to the culture, manufacture, or sale of tobacco; tobacco, as adjective. (Philosophy)

tobacconist (en tienda), tobacco grower (cultivador), tobacco merchant (comerciante).

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► nombre femenino

1 Spanish state tobacco monopoly

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SF Spanish state tobacco monopoly

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femenino cigarette factory

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= tobacconist, tobacconist's shop, tobacco company.

Ex. But outlets known in the trade as 'CTNs' (confectioners, tobacconists, and newsagents) can often sell quite a variety of books.

Ex. Even in tobacconists' and newsagents' shops there are plenty of examples to be seen of those books which are commonly referred to as 'coffee-table' books.

Ex. Most sports cards were originally promotional items given out by tobacco companies to promote their products.

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femenino cigarette factory

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( Hist) Spanish state tobacco monopoly

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Tabacalera nf

= state tobacco monopoly in Spain

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I adj tobacco atr ;

compañía tabacalera cigarette company, tobacco company;

industria tabacalera tobacco industry

II m, tabacalera f tobacco grower

exclusivité [εksklyzivite]

   a. (Business) exclusive rights

• avoir l'exclusivité de la couverture d'un événement to have exclusive coverage of an event

   b. ( = reportage) exclusive ; (à sensation) scoop

• c'est une exclusivité de notre maison it's exclusive to our company

► en exclusivité

• en exclusivité dans notre journal exclusive to our paper

• ce film passe en exclusivité à... this film is showing only at...

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1) ( droits) Commerce, Cinéma, Presse exclusive rights (pl)

2) (objet, produit)

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[groupe social, lieu] exclusiveness, COMMERCE exclusive rights pl

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exclusivité nf

1 ( droits) Comm, Cin, Presse exclusive rights (pl); acheter l'exclusivité d'une marque to buy the exclusive rights to a brand; avoir l'exclusivité de la vente/distribution de qch to have the exclusive sales/distribution rights to sth; obtenir l'exclusivité de la production et de la commercialisation de qch to obtain exclusive rights to produce and market sth; en exclusivité [montrer, vendre, publier, projeter] exclusively; [produit, interview, document] exclusive; tu n'as pas l'exclusivité du bon goût hum you don't have a monopoly on good taste;

2 (objet, produit) c'est une exclusivité de notre entreprise it's exclusive to our company.

[ɛksklyzivite] nom féminin

1. COMMERCE [droit] exclusive rights

2. [objet unique]

[article] exclusive (article)

[interview] exclusive interview

3. CINÉMA film (UK) ou movie (US) on general release

4. [privilège exclusif]

en exclusivité locution adverbiale

1. COMMERCE exclusively

2. [diffusé, publié] exclusively

3. CINÉMA

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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William Humfrey, goldsmith of the parish of St Vedast, was appointed Assay Master of the Royal Mint in 1561. At the Tower of London he assumed responsibility for the weight of silver and for production standards at a time of intense activity in recoining the debased coinage of the realm. Separation of copper from the debased silver involved liquation techniques which enabled purification of the recovered silver and copper. German co-operation in introducing these methods to England developed their interest in English copper mining, resulting in the formation of the Mines Royal Company. Shareholders in this government-led monopoly included Humfrey, whose assay of Keswick copper ore, mined with German expertise, was bitterly disputed. As a result of this dispute, Humfrey promoted the formation of a smaller monopoly, the Company of Mineral Battery Works, with plans to mine lead and especially the zinc carbonate ore, calamine, using it to introduce brassmaking and wire manufacture into England. Humfrey acquired technical assistance from further skilled German immigrants, relying particularly on Christopher Schutz of Annaberg in Saxony, who claimed experience in such matters. However, the brassmaking project set up at Tintern was abandoned by 1569 after failure to make a brass suitable for manufacturing purposes. The works changed its production to iron wire. Humfrey had meanwhile been under suspicion of embezzlement at the Tower in connection with his work there. He died intestate while involved in litigation regarding infringement of rights and privileges claimed from his introduction of new techniques in later lead-mining activities under the auspices of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The son of a Congregationalist minister, Hall was educated at Oberlin College. There he was instructed in chemistry by Professor F.F.Jewett, a former student of the German chemist Friedrich Wöhler, who encouraged Hall to believe that there was a need for a cheap process for the manufacture of aluminium. After graduating in 1885, Hall set to work in his private laboratory exploring the method of fused salt electrolysis. On Wednesday 10 February 1886 he found that alumina dissolved in fused cryolite "like sugar in water", and that the bath so produced was a good conductor of electricity. He contained the solution in a pure graphite crucible which also acted as an efficient cathode, and by 16 February 1886 had produced the first globules of metallic aluminium. With two backers, Hall was able to complete his experiments and establish a small pilot plant in Boston, but they withdrew after the US Patent Examiners reported that Hall's invention had been anticipated by a French patent, filed by Paul Toussaint Héroult in April 1886. Although Hall had not filed until July 1886, he was permitted to testify that his invention had been completed by 16 February 1886 and on 2 April 1889 he was granted a seventeen-year monopoly in the United States. Hall now had the support of Captain A.E. Hunt of the Pittsburgh Testing Institute who provided the capital for establishing the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which by 1889 was selling aluminium at $1 per pound compared to the $15 for sodium-reduced aluminium. Further capital was provided by the banker Andrew Mellon (1855–1937). Hall then turned his attention to Britain and began negotiations with Johnson Matthey, who provided land on a site at Patricroft near Manchester. Here the Aluminium Syndicate, owned by the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, began to produce aluminium in July 1890. By this time the validity of Hall's patent was being strongly contested by Héroult and also by the Cowles brothers, who attempted to operate the Hall process in the United States. Hall successfully sued them for infringement, and was confirmed in his patent rights by the celebrated ruling in 1893 of William Howard Taft, subsequently President of the USA. In 1895 Hall's company changed its name to the Pittsburgh Aluminium Company and moved to Niagara Falls, where cheap electrical power was available. In 1903 a legal compromise ended the litigation between the Hall and Héroult organizations. The American rights in the invention were awarded to Hall, and the European to Héroult. The Pittsburgh Aluminium Company became the Aluminium Company of America on 1 January 1907. On his death he left his estate, worth about $45 million, for the advancement of education.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Martyn became a leading shareholder in the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, the Elizabethan monopoly established in 1565 under the initiative William Humfrey. Its purpose was to mine lead and zinc ores and to introduce production of brass and manufacture of brass wire to England, activities in which he took an active interest. Appointed Warden of the Royal Mint in 1572, Martyn's responsibilities included the receipt of bullion and dispatch of freshly minted coins. He reported unfavourably on a new invention for producing "milled" coins by a screw press which embossed the two faces simultaneously. Considerable friction arose from his criticism of the then Master of the Mint. He was later subject to criticism himself on the irregularity of coin weights produced at the Mint. In 1580 Martyn leased Tintern wireworks, property of the Mineral and Battery Company, which was by then producing iron wire after earlier failing in the production of brass. Two years later he sought rights from the company to mine the zinc ore calamine and to make brass. When this was granted in 1587, he formed a partnership with others including William Brode, a London goldsmith who had been experimenting with the making of brass. Production started on a small scale using imported copper at Queen's Mill, Isleworth, largely financed by Martyn. Brode soon disagreed with his partners and with the Mineral and Battery Works Company and Martyn withdrew. After long and acrimonious disputes the works closed completely in 1605.

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1) общ. вмешивающийся* (человек, вмешивающийся в чужие дела; человек, стремящийся проникнуть в среду, где он не имеет права находиться либо где его присутствие рассматривается как нежелательное)

2) эк. незаконный торговец, контрабандист (лицо, проводящее торговые операции на какой-л. "чужой" территории)

сокр. STE эк. государственное торговое предприятие, государственная торговая компания (предприятие, полностью принадлежащее или контролируемое государством и имеющее право осуществлять торговлю определенными товарами; часто речь идет о государственных учреждениях, импортирующих и/или экспортирующих товары, которые считаются стратегически важными для страны, напр., сельскохозяйственную продукцию)

1 concession, avowal, grant, allowance.

2 compromise, concession.

3 franchise, dealership, concession, licence.

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► nombre femenino

1 concession, granting

2 (de premio) awarding

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hacer concesiones to make concessions

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1) concession

2) franchise, license

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1) [en acuerdo, negociación] concession, granting

2) (Jur, Pol) [de nacionalidad, libertad] granting

3) [de un premio] award

4) (Com) [de fabricación] licence, license (EEUU); [de venta] franchise; [de transporte] concession, contract

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1) ( de premios) awarding; ( de préstamo) granting

2) ( en una postura) concession

3) (Com) dealership, concession, franchise

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= concession, award, franchise, conferral, sop.

Nota: Con la intención de acallar a alguién.

Ex. Another point which we hope these introductory remarks make clear is that AACR2, even more than the 1967 version, is the result of give and take, of compromise, of negotiation, of concessions made graciously or grudgingly.

Ex. The award of a charter, the establishment of an examination system, and a register of the qualified, rapidly created a 'near-monopoly in training' in the years between 1885 and 1909.

Ex. The Condensed Books series holds a unique and ubiquitous book publishing franchise that has vanquished all competitors.

Ex. Some critics have equated verbena in Faulkner's novel 'An Odor of Verbena' directly with courage, seeing Drusilla's gifts of verbena sprigs as the conferral and recognition of courage.

Ex. This economy was based on the premise that protectionism was not merely a sop to the agricultural interest but a responsible food policy that encouraged social cohesion.

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* concesión de franquicias = franchising.

* concesión de permisos de vigilancia = surveillance licensing.

* hacer concesiones = make + allowances.

* relacionado con la concesión de premios = award-giving [award giving].

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1) ( de premios) awarding; ( de préstamo) granting

2) ( en una postura) concession

3) (Com) dealership, concession, franchise

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= concession, award, franchise, conferral, sop.

Nota: Con la intención de acallar a alguién.

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A (de premios) awarding; (de un préstamo) granting

B (en una postura) concession

no están dispuestos a hacer la menor concesión they are not prepared to make any concessions whatsoever

C ( Com) dealership, concession, franchise

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a) ( de premios) awarding;

b) ( en una postura) concession;

◊ hacer concesiones to make concessions

c) (Com) dealership, concession, franchise

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concesión nf

1. [de préstamo, licencia] granting;

2. [cesión] concession;

una casa en la que no hay la menor concesión al lujo a house without the least concession to luxury;

hacer concesiones (a) to make concessions (to);

fue un debate duro y sin concesiones it was a tough debate, with no quarter given on either side

3. Com [franquicia] franchise, licence;

tienen la concesión exclusiva del producto en ese país they have the exclusive franchise for the product in that country;

el servicio de limpieza fue dado en concesión a una empresa privada the contract for cleaning services was awarded to a private company

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1 concession;

hacer concesiones make concessions

2 COM dealership

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concesión nf, pl - siones

1) : concession

2) : awarding, granting

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n <Vw> market-controlling firm

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n < Transp> distribution office (DO), dock operations (DO)

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